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Reference · Tolerances

Tolerance basics.
± vs GD&T.
Specifying right.

Tolerance specification reference. ± tolerance vs GD&T. Tight vs loose. ISO 2768. Achievable per process.

01 · Key principles

Key principles.

± tolerance

Simple

Plus-minus from nominal. Easy to specify. Less flexible.

GD&T

Functional

Position, profile, runout. Functional fit verification.

ISO 2768

Default

Default tolerance class. -m (medium) common. -f (fine) tighter.

Process capability

Cpk > 1.33

Process capability. Cpk > 1.33 capable. Production verifies.

Material affects

Springback

Aluminum springs back. Steel stable. Plastic creeps.

Stack-up analysis

Worst case vs RSS

Worst case (additive) vs root-sum-square (statistical).

FAQ

When use GD&T?

Functional fit critical. Bearing bores, mating features. ASME Y14.5 standard.

Default tolerance?

ISO 2768-m (medium) covers most. Tighter only on critical features.

How tight is too tight?

±0.005 mm requires grinding/lapping. ±0.025 mm CNC capable. Below 0.005 specialty.

Tolerance stack-up?

Multiple parts mating. Worst case = sum. RSS = √(sum of squares). RSS more realistic at production.

Cost vs tolerance?

5-10× cost premium per tighter class. Don't over-specify. Default loose, specify tight per function.

Specifying default?

Note on drawing: "All tolerances per ISO 2768-m unless noted." Explicit tolerances override.

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